Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference ―Science and Global Development‖ (February 20-22, 2026) / Publisher website: www.naukainfo.com. – Barcelona, Spain, 2026. - 229 p.

85 1) Static tests (tension, compression, bending) are located in the sector of high effectiveness at moderate cost. These methodologies are fundamental in materials science and mechanical engineering, as they provide a comprehensive assessment of mechanical properties (ultimate strength, yield strength, modulus of elasticity). They are supported by a well-developed regulatory framework and are mandatory in most certification procedures. Their practical significance lies in the optimal balance between cost and informativeness. 2) Hardness testing (Rockwell method) is positioned in the sector of low cost and moderate informativeness. This method is characterized by simplicity, rapid execution, and the possibility of testing finished products without their destruction. However, it provides only an indirect assessment of strength, which limits its use as a sole criterion for reliability confirmation. Its practical significance lies in its effectiveness as a tool for operational production control. 3) Biaxial tests (Ball-on-ring, Ball-on-three-balls) are located in the sector of high effectiveness and high complexity. They simulate a multiaxial stress state that is closer to real service conditions, thereby increasing the accuracy of failure prediction. However, the methodology requires specialized equipment and complex data processing. Their practical significance lies in their suitability for critical structures, composites, ceramics, and aerospace applications. 4) Wear testing (tribological tests) is positioned in the sector of high informativeness regarding durability, accompanied by increased time and resource expenditures. These methodologies enable the assessment of the operational characteristics of friction units; however, the results largely depend on loading regimes and environmental conditions.