Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference ―Multidisciplinary approaches in science, technology and culture‖ (September 5-7, 2025) / Publisher website: www.naukainfo.com. – Oxford, United Kingdom, 2025. - 124 p.

115 Alternative emphasis – reliability. Scenario-based EMS (normal/night/peak/emergency) safeguards critical loads even off-grid, extending autonomy via controlled shedding of non-critical demand. Alternative emphasis – economics. Prioritizing cheaper, cleaner generation with forecasts and tariffs minimizes fuel costs and levelized cost of electricity; grid charging is used only when profitable. Critical note. The SoC threshold (20–25%) and the economic case for grid charging are not constants; they must be calibrated to load profile, BESS degradation, fuel logistics, and forecast accuracy. REFERENCES 1. Ibrahim, M. M. (2023). Energy management strategies of hybrid renewable energy systems: A review. Wind Engineering, 48(1), 133–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309524X231200010.| 2. Khan, A. A., Minai, A. F., Pachauri, R. K., & Malik, H. (2022). Optimal Sizing, Control, and Management Strategies for Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems: A Comprehensive Re-view. Energies, 15(17), 6249. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176249. 3. Wang, S., Du, M., Lu, L., Xing, W., Sun, K., & Ouyang, M. (2021). Multilevel Energy Management of a DC Microgrid Based on Virtual-Battery Model Considering Voltage Reg-ulation and Economic Optimization. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Pow-er Electronics, 9(3), 2881–2895. https://doi.org/10.1109/jestpe.2020.2975904. 4. Hussain, A., & Kim, H.-M. (2025). A Rule-Based Modular Energy Management System for AC/DC Hybrid Microgrids. Sustainability, 17(3), 867. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030867. 5. Chakraborty, S., Joshi, A., Singh, M., Kumar, M., Jain, A., Raj, R., & Choudhary, R. (2023). Emergency power supply system for critical infrastructures: Design and large scale hardware demonstration. IEEE Access, 11, 114509–114526. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3325198.