Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference ―Science at the Frontier of Progress‖ (January 27-29, 2026) / Publisher website: www.naukainfo.com. – Paris, France, 2026. - 302 p.

241 formality, emotional proximity, and cultural expectation. The translator’s choice is thus norm-dependent rather than purely semantic. A central sociological problem in translation studies concerns the internal heterogeneity of cultural-linguistic communities. The existence of a shared language does not imply sociolinguistic uniformity. Each society is characterized by territorial, social, professional, age-related, and stylistic variations that pose significant challenges for translation. From a descriptive perspective, the study of how such variation is rendered (or neutralized) in translation provides insight into the norms governing acceptability within the target system. This heterogeneity is particularly evident in the national varieties of English, such as British, American, and Australian English. For instance, lexical choices such as lift versus elevator , or culturally embedded expressions like biscuit , cookie , and bikkie reflect distinct sociocultural realities. In Toury’s framework, the translator’s handling of such variation reveals the degree to which the translation aligns with target-culture norms and audience expectations. In addition to national variation, intranational territorial dialects may further complicate the translation process. Dialectal differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar – such as non-rhotic pronunciation in Northeastern American English, the use of y’all and modal constructions like might could in Southern dialects, or regional lexical variation ( soda , coke , pop ) – require translators to make norm-based decisions. These may include retaining dialectal features, substituting them with functionally equivalent target-language varieties, or opting for neutralization. These choices reflect the translator’s orientation toward adequacy or acceptability and demonstrate the operation of sociocultural norms within the target system. In conclusion, the sociological aspects of translation foreground translation as a culturally regulated and socially situated practice. The analysis of translational norms offers valuable insight into how ideology, social variation, institutional constraints, and audience expectations shape translation behavior and determine the systemic position of translated texts within the target culture.