Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference ―Oxford International Science Forum‖ (February 6-8, 2026) / Publisher website: www.naukainfo.com. - Oxford, United Kingdom, 2026. - 245 p.

82 Despite the considerable attention paid to the phenomenon of freedom, its opposite – unfreedom – usually remains on the periphery of scientific analysis. Meanwhile, it is precisely unfreedom that probably allows us to understand the essence of freedom more deeply, since it accompanies all the questions that freedom raises. Unfreedom appears as a contrast and at the same time an organic element of freedom, its logical offspring. These categories were also in such a dialectical relationship in the philosophy of G. Hegel, who believed that each of them inevitably gives birth to the other. In the everyday consciousness of the average person, freedom is considered the highest value, while unfreedom is associated with punishment. However, in modern society there is a specific group of people – repeat offenders – for whom lack of freedom eventually becomes a value in itself. Quantitative indicators of this phenomenon vary depending on the source. According to the latest statistics for the period from January to December 2025, the number of persons notified of suspicion is 101865, of whom 33398 persons committed criminal offences and 68 467 persons committed crimes. Accordingly, of this number, 9997 persons have not had their convictions removed or expunged in accordance with the procedure established by law, including 2985 persons who committed criminal offences and 7012 persons who committed crimes [1]. According to a publication on global practices released in 2023: ―Recidivism data for people released from prison were available for 33 countries. A two-year reconviction was the most commonly reported outcome. In released prisoners, 2-year reconviction rates ranged from 17.6% in Norway to 54.9% in Australia <…>. For community-sentenced individuals, data were available for 20 countries, with a two-year reconviction being most commonly reported. The 2-year reconviction rates for community sentenced individuals ranged from 9.7% in Chile to 46.6% in Denmark‖ [2]. Scientific literature has established a position according to which recidivism is determined by two groups of factors: general factors inherent in crime as a whole, and specific factors characteristic of repeat offences. V. Golin identifies three main groups of specific determinants.