Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference ―Paris Science and Education Forum‖ (March 2-4, 2026) / Publisher website: www.naukainfo.com. – Paris, France, 2026. - 293 p.

247 molecular and nanotechnological approaches expands the possibilities for early diagnosis and improves treatment outcomes for patients with TC. Keywords: thyroid cancer, incidence, morphological diagnosis, biomarkers, nanotechnology Over the past decades, thyroid cancer (TC) has shown a consistent increase in incidence worldwide, making it one of the most dynamic forms of oncological pathology. Current concepts of carcinogenesis indicate that a significant proportion of malignant neoplasms are associated with the influence of anthropogenic factors, including chemical compounds, physical and biological agents, pharmacological substances, occupational hazards, and complex exogenous exposures. These factors play a crucial role in the development of the majority of clinicopathological forms of TC [1]. Within the histological spectrum of TC, differentiated carcinomas predominate—papillary (60–80%) and follicular (15–30%)—which are characterized by a relatively favorable course and high survival rates. Medullary carcinoma, arising from parafollicular C-cells, accounts for 7–10% of cases and exhibits intermediate prognostic features. Undifferentiated (anaplastic) tumors of uncertain histogenesis (2–5%) demonstrate aggressive clinical behavior and are associated with unfavorable prognosis [2]. According to global epidemiological data (GLOBOCAN 2022), in 2020, 586,000 new cases of thyroid cancer (TC) were registered worldwide, ranking it ninth in the overall structure of oncological incidence. The crude incidence rate was 7.5, while the age-standardized rate was 6.6 per 100,000 population. In Central and Eastern European countries, incidence rates exceed the global average, partially attributed to the effects of radionuclide contamination. However, high incidence levels are also observed in several Western and Southern European countries that were not significantly affected by radiation exposure, indicating a complex, multifactorial etiology and the need for a broader analysis of disease determinants [3].