Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference ―Paris Science and Education Forum‖ (March 2-4, 2026) / Publisher website: www.naukainfo.com. – Paris, France, 2026. - 293 p.

248 In Ukraine, a pronounced upward trend in TC incidence is also evident, particularly among women. Between 1989 and 2012, incidence more than doubled, with an average annual increase of 5–6%. Territorial distribution shows considerable variability: the highest rates are recorded in major urbanized regions, while the western regions of the country demonstrate relatively lower incidence [1, 3-5]. Thyroid cancer remains a priority area in contemporary endocrinology, endocrine surgery, oncology, and pathological anatomy. A key factor in improving long-term prognosis is early detection of thyroid carcinomas, which allows for organ- preserving treatment at initial tumor stages, minimizes postoperative complications, and achieves sustained clinical outcomes. Consequently, new diagnostic algorithms and therapeutic strategies are actively being developed to enhance treatment efficacy and improve patients‘ quality of life [4, 6, 7]. The aim of this study is to analyze current literature concerning the morphological features of thyroid cancer (TC) and the potential applications of nanotechnologies in its diagnosis. Most pathological changes characteristic of TC can be verified using standard histological preparations stained with hematoxylin and eosin. At the same time, a significant proportion of tumors exhibit ambiguous and subjective morphological features, complicating the prediction of outcomes, particularly in the case of follicular nodular lesions. According to histological classification, TC is divided into well-differentiated and undifferentiated (anaplastic) carcinomas originating from follicular epithelium, while medullary carcinoma, arising from parafollicular C-cells, occupies an intermediate prognostic position. Differentiated forms—papillary and follicular adenocarcinomas—generally display a slow course and favorable prognosis. Among all nodular lesions of the thyroid gland, differentiated TC accounts for approximately 5%, with papillary carcinoma representing about 80% of cases. Thyroid nodules are frequently detected in population screenings (20–50% of cases), imposing a substantial burden on endocrine healthcare services [6, 7]. Histological criteria based on mitotic count, presence of necrosis, and Ki67 index are applied to identify high-grade malignancies, as well as follicular-cell and