Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference ―Science and Global Development‖ (February 20-22, 2026) / Publisher website: www.naukainfo.com. – Barcelona, Spain, 2026. - 229 p.

82 (including static tests, hardness measurements, biaxial tests, tribological tests, etc.) serve as a key instrument for the objective evaluation of their operational performance. However, each method has its own limitations in terms of informativeness, reproducibility, cost, implementation complexity, and compliance with real loading conditions. Table 2. Comparison of the Advantages and Limitations of Standardized Mechanical Testing Methods No. Testing Method Advantages Limitations 1 2 3 4 1 Static tensile, compressive, and bending tests – High accuracy and reproducibility of results; – Clearly regulated by international standards; – Possibility of determining a set of fundamental mechanical characteristics; – Widely used in certification procedures – Primarily reproduce a uniaxial stress state; – Do not always adequately simulate real operating conditions; – Require fabrication of standardized specimens 2 Hardness testing (Rockwell method) – Rapid and simple to perform; – Possibility of testing finished products without destruction; – Suitable for production quality control; – Good correlation with material strength – Indirect assessment of strength; – Sensitivity to surface condition; – Limited depth of control (local character of measurement) 3 Biaxial testing (Ball-on- ring, Ball-on-three- balls) – Simulation of a complex multiaxial stress state; – Closer approximation to real operating conditions; – Higher informativeness for brittle materials – Complexity of methodology and equipment; – Higher testing cost; – Less common in standard certification procedures 4 Wear testing (tribological tests) – Possibility of assessing durability in friction units; – Simulation of operational contact loads; – Determination of friction coefficient and wear rate – Difficulty in accurately reproducing real service conditions; – Significant dependence of results on loading regimes; – Long duration of testing Source: compiled by the authors based on [1; 2; 3; 4; 5].