Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference “Science, Technology and Culture: Strategies for Sustainable Development” (December 15-17, 2025) / Publisher website: www.naukainfo.com. – Krakow, Poland, 2025. – 120 p.

89 A special group is made up of phraseological expressions - stable sentences or phrases with a literal meaning, such as proverbs and sayings (« easier said than done» ) [2]. The structural-semantic principle offers a different perspective, grouping phraseological units according to their grammatical structure. This approach distinguishes phraseological units that coincide with phrases, phraseological units with coordinating links, predicative phraseological units, comparative phraseological units, and phrasal verbs, demonstrating the syntactic diversity of phraseological units. The etymological principle of classification allows us to systematize phraseological units by their origin, revealing the cultural and historical sources of their imagery. Here, we highlight native English phraseological units that reflect national culture, history, and everyday life, such as « to carry coals to Newcastle» , and borrowed phraseological units, which include internationalisms from ancient mythology, for example, « Achilles' heel» , as well as calques from other European languages. The thematic classification developed by linguist L.P. Smith groups phraseological units according to the commonality of the concepts they denote. This approach distinguishes between nominal phraseological units, which denote an object or person; verbal phraseological units, which describe an action; attributive phraseological units, which characterize features; adverbial phraseological units, which function as adverbs; and interjectional phraseological units, which express emotions and feelings. A fundamental property of the English phraseological stock is imagery, which determines its cognitive and cultural potential. This characteristic is directly linked to the mechanism of secondary nomination, whereby existing lexical units are combined into stable combinations that acquire figurative meaning based on a specific figurative stereotype [3]. The connection between internal form and cultural context is manifested in the fact that the figurative basis of phraseological units is formed under the influence of specific historical, social, and cultural conditions. The imagery of such an expression