Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference “Science, Technology and Culture: Strategies for Sustainable Development” (December 15-17, 2025) / Publisher website: www.naukainfo.com. – Krakow, Poland, 2025. – 120 p.

90 as « to sit above the salt» is rooted in specific historical practices and social relations of English society. Culturally conditioned imagery is especially noticeable when compared with other languages, where completely different figurative bases may be used to express similar meanings. For example, the English phraseological unit « as cool as a cucumber» in the Ukrainian language has a different figurative equivalent – « with peace, like a boa constrictor» [4]. In modern articles, there is a tendency to revive and actualize forgotten figurative bases, when traditional phraseological units are deliberately played up to create an expressive effect. The constant interaction between the loss of original imagery and the creation of new figurative associations reflects the dynamic nature of the phraseological system and its ability to adapt to changing communication conditions. According to their genesis, phraseological units are divided into two main categories: native English and borrowed, with the former being of particular interest for the study of national-cultural identity. The most important source of enrichment of the phraseological fund is the literary heritage. A special place is occupied by Shakespeareanisms - expressions that entered the language from the works of William Shakespeare, such as « to be or not to be » or « the green-eyed monster» , denoting jealousy. An equally significant layer is made up of phraseological units reflecting professional activities and everyday practice. Numerous expressions on the maritime theme (« to be all at sea »), sports terms (« to hit be low the belt» ) and other specialized expressions gradually entered common language, while retaining their figurative basis. Ancient mythology has become an inexhaustible source of enrichment for English phraseology. Expressions such as « Achilles' heel» and « Pandora's box» have firmly entered into linguistic use, retaining their original figurative meaning. Borrowings from German, French, and Spanish reflect historical cultural ties and mutual influences. Expressions such as came from German « still waters run deep» , demonstrating a penchant for philosophical generalizations. French has