Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference ―Science, Technology and Culture: Interaction, Evolution and Progress‖ (December 21-23, 2025) / Publisher website: www.naukainfo.com. – Copenhagen, Denmark, 2026. – 161 p.

131 Modulation and transposition – translation techniques identified by Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet – frequently prove necessary in military translation. Modulation involves changing the point of view or perspective, as when translating passive constructions common in English military writing into languages preferring active voice. Transposition requires shifting grammatical categories, such as rendering noun phrases as verbal constructions to achieve natural target-language expression while preserving operational meaning. Explicitation and implicitation techniques help bridge cultural and contextual gaps. Military texts often rely on shared knowledge within specific military communities. Translators may need to make implicit information explicit when translating for audiences lacking this background knowledge, or conversely, omit redundant information when the target audience possesses greater familiarity with discussed concepts. Different categories of military documentation pose distinct translation challenges [7]. Technical manuals require extreme precision in procedural descriptions, as operators must be able to maintain, operate, and troubleshoot complex systems based on translated instructions. Measurement units, part designations, and technical specifications demand meticulous accuracy, with errors potentially resulting in equipment damage or personnel injury. Doctrinal publications establish conceptual frameworks for military operations. Translating doctrine requires sensitivity to differences in military philosophy and operational culture. Terms like mission command or maneuver warfare embody specific command philosophies that may not align with target-culture military traditions, necessitating careful adaptation or extensive contextualization. Intelligence documents demand particular attention to sourcing and uncertainty markers. Military intelligence employs standardized probability expressions and confidence levels that must be translated consistently to maintain analytical integrity. The NATO standardized probability expressions ( almost certain , probable , unlikely ) require exact translation to preserve risk assessment accuracy. Orders and operational plans combine temporal urgency with absolute precision. Military orders follow